Reliability Essay Example for Free

Reliability Essay The most known and widely used types of reliability are: parallel forms, test-retest, interrater, and internal consistency reliability. Reliability is important because it gives precision, accuracy and dependable answers in researches. Consistency of measurement means there is a reliable measurement. If a method or particular piece of research is not reliable, researchers will and should lack confidence that the results obtained would be obtain again, and can thus hardly be confident that they reflect reality. Even though that several examples of research, which reach similar results, even if the research is not strictly replicable, may still help researchers to increase their confidence in reliability, and perhaps also guide them toward appreciating the range of applicability of a theory (Kurpius Stafford, 2006). Standard scores are the scores that are comparable because they are standardized in units of standard deviation while percentile or a percentile rank is a point in a distribution of scores below which a given percentage of scores fall. It is a particular point within an entire distribution of scores. Percentile ranks have one major disadvantage in comparison to standard scores: percentile ranks have unequal units along their scale. Percentile ranks in the middle of the distribution tend to overemphasize differences between standard scores, where as percentile ranks at the tails of the distribution tend to underemphasize difference performance. The measure of central tendency is a statistical technique wherein a single number is used to represent a group of numbers. Three different central tendency measures that are usually applied in researches are the mean, median and mode. These central tendency measures are significant because they have their own importance in measuring the central tendency. Mean provides the best estimate of average. However median is more reliable because it is clear and fixed on the other hand, mode is used when a quick and approximate measure of central tendency is required.

The Global Epidemic of Cesarean Surgery and the Feminist Movement :: Essays Papers

The Global Epidemic of Cesarean Surgery and the Feminist Movement Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland writes in a 2002 paper she presented to the XVIII European Congress of Perinatal Medicine, â€Å"There is an ongoing â€Å"epidemic† of cesarean sections in Asia and Latin America. This worldwide fad of obstetrical interventions may have a serious negative health impact on women. In contrast, the low rates observed in Africa reflect a lack of resources more than a consensus of providers. The commercial and litigation pressures that drive this ‘epidemic’ need to be countered.† Her medical metaphor notwithstanding, this is a serious wake-up call for women to be asking the question, â€Å"What is going on that this phenomenon of major surgery on women is happening on such a wide scale?† We are here faced with the polar opposite extremes in birthing. Seemingly, if a woman has too little prenatal care and education regarding birthing (as in Africa) she may not have the access to a Cesarean when she truly needs it; and at the other end of the spectrum if a woman has enveloped herself in a system that relies too heavily on birthing technologies she may end up with an unnecessary Cesarean surgery. Other paradigms exist for birthing such as in Holland where every woman is provided with a midwife for her birth, and Brazil where the C-section rate tops 80 percent. Yet another microcosmic pocket of birth in the U.S. shows us that C-section rates can be achieved at below 2%. Such are the ranges of Cesarean birthing experiences and corresponding women’s movements that will be explored alongside the politics of birth in this Birthquake research project. Literary Review In doing this project the literature drawn from is largely non-scholarly for the reason that I am prevailing upon the reader to think outside the box about birth. Most of the â€Å"scholarly† research that is available was written by doctors or nurses/nurse midwives who were trained in the medical model of birth. Since part of my premise is that the high rate of Cesarean sections is caused in part by viewing birth as a medical and therefore pathological event, and in part for its emergence as a capitalistic industry, it was then necessary to find literature written by people who have expertise in birthing though not from the traditional obstetrical/medical school approach.

Golf and Gatorade

Kyle Qualizza English 104 2/8/10 Gatorade One of the most dominating keys in today’s business world can easily be seen through the Gatorade Company. Their products have become extremely popular to the world, keeping their competition in the dust. Ordinary businesses struggle to retain their name on the board with this eminent company in the way, and for obvious reasons: excellent advertisement. Forty-five years have passed since the creation of this ultimate athletic drink, and Gatorade still continues to flourish. The product itself has a legendary story behind it. Many say that the University of Florida first noticed that all of their athletes could not perform to their highest skill level due to dehydration. Both professors and coaches decided to come together and find a solution to this problem. After multiple trial and error labs were performed, they finally broke through with an unbelievable item. They found something that would do more than just replenish fluids. It supplied the body with a plentiful amount of electrolytes, a task that water cannot complete (Gatorade History). With electrolytes, this beverage provided the Florida Gator football players with both energy and awareness to perform at their peak. This break-through proves to be one of the largest in sports technology today. Now that they came up with a product, the next most important topic to discuss was advertisement. They needed to know exactly how to market this product. When Gatorade first came out, the advertisements displayed to its viewers how the efficiency level rises when you use their particular item for consumption. One of the keys to effectively advertising can be seen through repetition. Gatorade utilizes this tool through the three â€Å"R’s†: rehydrate, replenish, and refuel that marks each bottle (Gatorade). Now that Gatorade’s popularity began to rise, they wanted to expand their product across the world. The company started casting commercials with professional athletes who drank their product. This allowed the fans to build a connection with their favorite professional players. This approach proved to be extremely successful. People believe that if they drink Gatorade, that they are more like this socially accepted superstar. Not to mention, people gain a personal type of self-confidence that they too will dominant a sport if they drink like the professionals. Recent commercials involving Tiger Woods, Muhammad Ali, Michael Jordan, and Michael Phelps reinforced this style of advertisement. However, by advertising certain people, expectations have to be met or sales will decrease. The best example for this circumstance happened about a month ago. Tiger Woods, golf legend, had his own style of Gatorade made specifically for him. Woods always took on this picture-perfect image as the best golfer and great role model, always supported by his loving wife and family. Gatorade saw this as an opportunity to make a great deal of money by advertising his name and face on their product. At first, the athletic drink was a huge hit. He improved his golf swing and began winning every tournament he entered, leaving sales at an all time high. Gatorade continued to sell this beverage because of his high performance, until he slipped up. Everything was based on his performance on the golf course until he finally slipped up. What people didn’t see was his at-home life. Woods raced out of his house in his SUV and crashed into a tree. At first, many believed he fell asleep behind the wheel. However, after digging deeper, the police discovered Woods actually had been running from his wife, Elin, in order to be with other women. Tiger cheated on his wife with nine other women. This disturbing news came to the public, leaving them shocked and full of questions. His perfect image crumbled. Gatorade no longer wanted to use Tiger in their advertisement because of his tainted image. The Tiger Woods series took on an extreme blow. Not only did the sales drop astronomically, but the company itself faced the condescending public’s eye because they once supported him. The Gatorade Company had no other option but to discontinue the Tiger Woods series. (Original bottle) Also, another factor to consider is the design of the bottle. In 1985, the beverage’s marketing looked extremely bland. There was no vibrancy to the product which did not catch the buyer’s eye. The Gatorade Company took notice. As the product continued to become more advanced, so did the advertising. Within the forty -five years, Gatorade has changed their image significantly. Their newest of bottles being decorated with extremely bright, bold colors and features. The label of the product now â€Å"pops† to the buyers. Furthermore, there are inspirational sayings along the side of the drink. In addition, the color of the actual fluid is different with every type of flavor. All together, the advertising makes for a very balanced and animated item. In today’s society everything is now viewed on health and body image. Gatorade has taken their product to the next level by lowering the calorie per bottle and allowing anyone on any diet to consume their beverage. It is the revolutionized way of the food market. All in all, the advertising action of Gatorade has played a huge role in their production. Without the color balance or vibrancy of the label the product wouldn’t be noticed. And, without the inspirational commercials, the drink wouldn’t be as seen as such a highly marked item. However, since the Gatorade Company has taken time to fully understand this side of marketing, their results are booming. Work Cited Decision News Media SAS, â€Å"Gatorade to expand advertising†. Ethical Naturals, Inc.. 2/8/10 . * Gatorade, â€Å"Gatorade History†. Pepsi. 2/8/10 . * Hein, Kenneth. â€Å"How Powerade Downed Gatorade in Court†. Adweek 8/6/09: 1-2 * . * Neilsen, â€Å"Gatorade†. Marketwire 12/28/08: 1-3. * Robinson, Allen. â€Å"Gatorade Analysis†. Gatorade . 2/8/10 .

Should Marijuana Be Legalized For Medical Purposes

According to government surveys, about 25 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year. More than 14 million do it regularly. (NORML: Working to Reform Marijuana Laws, 2015) Marijuana has been the topic of much discussion these past decades. The main factor of discussion is whether or not to legalize it and the outcome it would have on the states. Some states have already legalized but for medicinal purposes only. Much research has come out in this decade that marijuana just isn’t for your average drug junkie but it can be for someone who is going through cancer treatment, has anxiety, or has constant seizures. While there are some people who believe that marijuana is a gateway drug and if it is legalized for medical purposes†¦show more content†¦Marijuana has been used by humans for at least five thousand years and govern or band for the last seventy years. Hemp fibers have been found in cave dwelling excavations throughout Asia. Marijuana’s popul arity grew from India, to Europe, and then to the New World, where it was used by the early settlers as an economically useful fiber crop. Early drafts of the Declaration of Independence were even written on hemp paper. (Stewart, 2009) With marijuana being a much discussed topic these past few decades; medical journals are not the only thing that has been affective by its sudden popularity but also pop culture has taken its fair share of influences from this mind altering drug. Music, literature, news and even Hollywood have had their fair share of prominence of this drug feature within itself. Musicians have either featured cannabis in their music videos, have made entire songs about smoking it, talked about it in interviews, or have been seen smoking it. Some actors and actresses of Hollywood have become advocates of legalizing marijuana. There are scenes in TV shows and movies where the characters are smoking cannabis or talking about getting high. There was even a whole TV seri es about marijuana called Weeds with an entire plot about marijuana. (Zelizer, 2014) Literature has even taken hit from the oh so popular hypnoticShow MoreRelatedMarijuana Should Be Legalized for Medical Purposes2770 Words   |  11 Pagestold that she might benefit from marijuana. After much difficulty they were finally able to get it for her in oil form. After taking the medical marijuana for just one day, the seizures basically stopped. Now she only experiences one to two seizures a month! She was on the brink of dying and now she is living a relatively healthy normal life. Medical marijuana literally saved this little girl’s life. (Gupta). Marijuana should be legalized for medical purposes because it is saving lives and improvingRead MoreEssay on Should Marijuana Be Legalized for Medical Purposes?2342 Words   |  10 PagesShould Marijuana be Legalized for Medical Purposes? Marijuana has been used extensively as a medical remedy for more than five thousand years. In the early 1900s, medical usage of marijuana began to decline with the advent of alternative drugs. Injectable opiates and synthetic drugs such as aspirin and barbiturates began to replace marijuana as the physicians drug of choice in the twentieth-century, as their results proved to be more consistent than the sometimes erratic effects of theRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Be Legalized For Pure Medical Purposes2532 Words   |  11 Pageshave not tried is medical cannabis. I am an in home caretaker for Holly, and after interviewing her mother I feel that everyone should understand why medical cannabis should be legalized for pure medical purposes. Unfortunately the drug has been abused by recreational users, and now has a bad reputation of being a gateway drug. Some Doctor’s also believe that medical cannabis has no medicinal value. Holly’s mother is a Registered Nurse, and feels that Holly would benefit from medical cannabis; unfortunatelyRead MoreMarijuana Should Be Legalized for Medical Purposes Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesoccurring in many children with refractory epilepsy are radiating from Colorado, a state where a strain of medical marijuana has been used to treat these children. The results are astonishing, yet there is a controversy preventing many children from receiving this treatment that could very well save their lives. Should medical marijuana be legalized? Though Charlottes Web, the strain of marijuana concocted to treat these sick children, could save lives, others will argue against it. Look past theRead MoreLegalization of medical marijuana at the federal law Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Why should marijuana be legalized? Marijuana can be argued for different reasons. In my case I will be arguing the medical purposes for legalizing marijuana. Marijuana has positive features, and how people prefer using marijuana. Marijuana helps individuals get through a variety of things that they suffer. Marijuana provides relief from pain, rather than other medications out there. Many individuals prefer marijuana over anything else to relax. An argument on why people using marijuana spend moreRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen debating among themselves whether or not marijuana should be legalized in America. Marijuana is a drug that can be smoked or eaten. It is grown from the ground and gives the user a sense of a hallucinogenic high. It goes by many names such as Mary Jane, kush, grass, weed, pot, green, cannabis, hemp, or chronic. Some say that marijuana is not as bad as alcohol. Some say that marijuana is safe. Some hippies say that marijuana is natural and should be spread throughout the world. It is debatedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?893 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Marijuana Tax Act OF 1973. Nevertheless, today, some countries have legalized cannabis while other countries have not. Moreover, in the United States, some states such as Washington and Colorado have also legalized the possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. On the other hand, various penalties are imposed for use or possession of cannabis in most states. Marijuana should be legalize because of the medical and economical adavnages it possesses. Primarily, cannabis should be legalizedRead MoreMarijuana Should Not Be Beneficial For Medical Purposes1080 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana has proven to be beneficial for medical purposes. It has therapeutic effects that will ultimately allow patients with adverse health conditions to improve their quality of life. Legalizing marijuana can also improve the state of the United States’ economy through taxation and creation of job opportunities. Additionally, it can reduce the crime rate in the United States and save the United States tons of money. Contrarily, marijuana should not be legalized for recreational usage. ExtensiveRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?958 Words   |  4 Pagesand use of cannabis, also commonly known as marijuana is considered illegal. Nevertheless, today, some countries have legalized cannabis while other countries have not. In particular, small quantities of cannabis have been allowed in regions such as Europe, North America and South America (Ga rdner and Anderson,2012). Moreover, in the United States, states such as Washington or Colorado have also legalized the possession and usage of marijuana for medical reasons ( Siegel and Worrall, 2014). As inRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuan The Time For Change1359 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: The Time for Change Marijuana has been an ongoing controversial issue for quite some time now. According to the national institution on drug abuse, â€Å"Marijuana—also called weed, herb, pot, grass, bud, ganja, Mary Jane, and a vast number of other slang terms—is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa— the hemp plant.† (National Institution on Drug Abuse). Today twenty-three states and the District of Columbia currently have